How Can a Nurse Improve and Develop Professional Identity?

How Can a Nurse Improve and Develop maestro individuation?According to DeJong 2014, professionalism can be defined as the means of acting in an acceptable and appropriate way while adhering to a professional order of conduct. It also means completing given tasks and responsibilities on time. On the other hand a Professional identity can be described as a set of principles that define a person in their professional purport history. A professional identity can also be defined fit to the attitudes, beliefs, experiences, ideals, professional involvement, need for advancement and codes of a given c arer. These virtues determine the kind of people we interact with in our lines of profession. These experiences and professional interactions tend to define ones professional identity.In the line of nursing professionalism is significantly essential if hold backs are expected to provide quality and effective services and care to their clients and to the population as a whole. In wellness care Professionalism is regarded as a bridge between the interests of the nourish and the needs of society. It is evident that better professionalism is associated with good medical care and better health outcomes in general. (DeJong et al 2014).Nurses need to be able to develop and improve their imaginative and creative skills in order to attain and improve effective tolerant care. In a research by OBrien, Strzyzewski and Szpara 2013, on nurses prevailing in the surgical department it was found that by creating an organized process of didacticsal projects to encourage, support and promote professionalism nurses were able to improve their professional identity and complete their practice successfully safely and effectively. In order to achieve the best results clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) and Educational Nurse Coordinators (ENCs) in the surgical unit developed meetings for nurses with the medical librarians and unit leaders. Teaching was carried out by character of posters and viva voce presentations. Through this nurses were able to master effective ways of generating ideas and implementing them to complete projects. (OBrien, Strzyzewski and Szpara 2013).There are many factors that influence professional competence for nurses for example organization of unravel, individualized characteristics, cognitive abilities and clinical knowledge. In order for a nurse to be able to undergo Professional growth they need to be committed to their work in order to able to fulfill their work tasks. Professional identity is usually accompanied by the workers self-concept self-respect, identity, essential nature, team spirit and values. Moreover for a nurse to improve their professional identity they need to be flexible and resilient in their field of work. This means that nurses need to believe in oneself and be willing to take risks. In addition to that they know a career insight in order to be able to establish realistic career goals by being aware of their str engths and weaknesses. (Tamm 2010).There are some inevitable factors in the health sector that take aim for professional growth and that has impact on the management, employers and the employees. First creation of new knowledge, there are changes in the scientific and technical knowledge every few years which demand nurses to update their education levels from time to time. Secondly technological innovations are taking place so rapidly that nurses have to be willing to sharpen their skills and change with the changing times. Lastly, the upcoming of more challenging tasks demands for professional development in order for nurses to be able to cope efficiently. (Willetts and Clarke 2012).Development of professional identity according to Tamm 2010, starts with how individuals view their work roles and how good they manage their work life and related practices. Moreover professional identity is a process of becoming independent and having self-awareness through work. For a nurse to be able to develop and improve their identity they first have to have a professional self-concept and respect, in short they need to accept their roles as nurses. Nurses begin to build their professional identities during their study period and continue to develop all through their work life. Development of professional identity is a life course process comprising of different stages. Which range from novice to expert. (Tamm et al 2010).In conclusion development is accompanied by professional maturity which is a nurses preparedness to handle work tasks in different phases of their work. Nurses need to be cognitively prepared, this means that they need to have sufficient knowledge on principles of health care to be able to apply them in real life situations. In additional to that nurse need to have knowledge on the nature of the profession and the occupational sphere. (Willetts et al 2012).In my opinion there are numerous number of factors that have effect on the development and approa ch on a nursing professional identity. I have learnt a lot of new information from this assignment. It is a broad topic and I sense I still have a whole lot more to learn or so developing my professional identity in the future.REFERENCESD. OBrien, N. Strzyzewski and T.Szpara 2013, acquiring to Success Supporting Staff Nurses to Enhance Practice and Professionalism. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing. Volume 28, Issue 3, June 2013, Pages e34Available http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1089947213002037Accessed 7th September 2014G. Willetts and D.Clarke 2012 The shaping of Professional Identity in Nursing An ethnographic Case StudyAvailable http//global-qhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Abstracts.pdfAccessed 7th September 2014S .M. DeJong 2014 Chapter OneWhat is Professionalism? Social Media and Online Professionalism in Health treat 2014, Pages 111Available http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012408128 cd0011Accessed 7th September 2014Tiia Tamm, 2010 P rofessional Identity and Self-concept of Estonian Social Workers .University of TampereAvailable http//tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/66631/978-951-44-8115-4.pdf?sequence=1page=69zoom=180,-4,613Accessed 7th September 2014Stem Bark Extracts of Anthocleista Antioxidant PropertiesStem Bark Extracts of Anthocleista Antioxidant PropertiesOriginal 1 Research ArticlePHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIESOF STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF ANTHOCLEISTANOBILISABSTRACT coach This study was carried out to determine the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of selectionsof Anthocleista nobilis.Methodology Acetone and methyl alcohol extracts of A. nobilis were investigated for their free composition scavenging activities in the presence of diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) using ascorbic acid as positive control.Results In the phytochemical screening of the name extracts, results showed that both extracts recorded the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and glycosides. The acetone and me thanol extracts of A. nobilis exhibited significant free radical scavenging activities in the DPPH assay with theacetone extract save better action. The antioxidant activity of the two extracts was however, lower than that recorded by the positive control-ascorbic acid.Conclusion The result suggests that the extracts have potential antioxidant properties which could beexploited in medicinal drug and food industry.Keyword Anthocleista nobilis, antioxidant, DPPH.1. INTRODUCTION demonstrates have been utilized by humans to treat various infectious and non-infectious diseases since thebeginning of time as they constitute a safe source of therapy. In addition, they are also the primarysource for many of todays medicines 1,2,3. For instance, purified collateral metabolites much(prenominal) as vinca alkaloids are employ widely in cancer chemotherapy 4.Quinine and artemisinin, derived from thebark of the cinchona and qinghaosu steers respectively and their derivatives have been wide ly used forthe treatment of malaria 5,6,7.Some of these secondary metabolites are synthesized for specific purposes by plants. Others may beby-products of plant metabolism which currently have no cognize biological function. Hydroxylatedcoumarins have been reported to accumulate in carrots in answer to fungal invasion 8,glucosinolates, recognized for their antimicrobial properties9, have also been reported in Brassiarapa in response to fungal infection/attack 10.These secondary metabolites fall under one of the major phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins,glycosides, steroids, terpenes, etc. Although these compounds are known to be bioactive, a lot is yetto known about their mechanisms of action. Some of these groups of compounds such as flavonoids,proanthocyanidins and tannins are polyphenols or phenolic 11. Phenolics are known for theirantioxidant properties 12.Antioxidants are molecules that halt oxidation processes while the molecules get oxidized in theprocess. The antio xidant activity of phenolics is derived from their ability to act as reducing agents,donating hydrogen, electrons and stabilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) 13. ROS such ashydroxyl radicals (OH.), superoxide anion radicals (O2.) and singlet oxygen (145 O2) have been implicatedin many disease processes such cancer, diabetes, ageing, atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration14. Consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables rich in plant polyphenols(antioxidants) as food hasbeen reported as a protection against several diseases which include cancer, cardiovasculardiseases, diabetes, asthma etc. 15 suggesting that the mechanism of action of the secondarymetabolites can be traced to their antioxidant properties. ROS can cause the admixture of food bycausing lipid peroxidation. The rancid odor and taste of lipid containing food such as palm oil occur asresult of lipid peroxidation which in turn affects the nutritional value and safety 52 of such food items16.Recently, the use of synthetic pr eservatives and other additives has been linked to increaseprevalence of cancer. For instance, sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite used to preserve processedmeat has been implicated in bowel cancer 17. As a result, the demand for essential food preservativeshas been rising steadily 14 and that prompted the European Union funded AGROCOS to include thereplacement of synthetic preservatives and other ingredients as part of the FP7 research topics whichhas yielded about 30 natural compounds for the food and cosmetic industries presently being superchargetested by Greek and German companies 18.Anthocleista nobilis which is commonly called the candelabrum or cabbage tree in English language,Duwa Kuchi in Nupe language, Kwari in Hausa language and Apa Ora in Yoruba language belongs tothe family Loganiaceae 19. Anthocleista nobilisis used in local medicine in parts of double-u Africa forcuring fever, stomach ache, diarrhoea, and gonorrhoea, and are also aspoultice for sores 20,21. Theprese nt study was designed to investigate the antioxidant properties of extracts of Anthocleista nobilisby measuring their free radical scavenging properties with aim of confirming the ethnobotanical useand assessing their suitability as preservatives in the food industry.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1 Sample collectionThe stem barks of A. nobilis were collected in March, 2014 from Ezza Community in Ebonyi state,Nigeria. They were identified by a plant taxonomist in the Department of Pharmacognosy andTraditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.The plant material was pulverized into fine powder using a mechanical rubbing machine.2.2 Extraction500 g of thepulverized plant was macerated in 1 Liter of acetone and methanol respectively for 48hrs.The mixture was sieved using porcelain cloth and was throw out filtered using No. 1 Whatman filterpaper. The filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator and the crude concentrate was thenstor ed at 4o80 C until required for further experiment.2.3 Phytochemical ScreeningIn the phytochemical analysis of the extracts of A. nobilis stem barks, tests for alkaloids, tannins,saponins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids were carried out using standardmethods reported by Trease and Evans 19.2.4 In vitro free radical scavenging activity of the extract (Diphenyl dipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) freeradical scavenging activity)The free radical scavenging activity of the various extracts and ascorbic acid was measured withDPPH. Three (3) mL of DPPH in methanol solution was added 100 L of different concentrations ofextracts (10-1000 g/mL). After 30 minutes, the absorbances of the extract solutions ion methanolwere measured at 517 nm after calibration with methanol. Lower absorbance indicated higher freeradical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was expressed as IC50 which wasdefined as the concentration of the extracts that inhibited the formati on of DPPH radical by 50 %. Eachexperiment was carried out in triplicate. The average absorbance for each triplicate was calculatedand the percentage inhibition of the extracts at different doses calculated using the formula%Inhibition 100o soA AxAWhere Ao is absorbance of control and As the absorbance of tested extracts.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe antioxidant activity of the extracts of A. nobilis was investigated and the results were compared tothat of ascorbic acid which was used as the positive control. The results are shown in Figures 1. Also,the result of the phytochemical analysis links the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenols to theantioxidant activities observed. Different levels of the secondary metabolites based on the testscarried out were observed as displayed in confuse 1.Table 1. Result of the Phytochemical Analysis of A. nobilis ExtractsUNDER PEER REVIEWAlkaloids Tannins Saponins Flavonoids Glycosides Terpenoids SteroidsMethanolextract++ +++ ++ + ++ Aceton eextract+ ++ ++ + ++ +++ = Abundantly present ++ = Moderately present += gently 108 present =AbsentFigure 1. Comparison between free radical scavenging activities of acetone and methanolextracts of A. nobilis and ascorbic acid determined using DPPH. IC50 for Acetone extract= 400g/mL Methanol extract= 800 g/mL Ascorbic acid= 30 g/mL.The bark of A. nobilis is used as warm expellant and as antimalarial remedy amongst otherethnobotanical uses by the Ezza people in Nigeria. The result of this study showed that the crudeextracts showed significant antioxidant properties with the acetone extract of A. nobilis recording anIC50 of 400 g/ml. The methanol extract of A. nobilis had the lowest antioxidant activity with an IC50 of800 g/mL.However, the acetone extract of A. nobilis which had the best antioxidant activity compared to themethanol extract had moderate presence of terpenoids, flavonoids and tannins. Flavonoids andtannins are polyphenols which are known to have potent antioxidant pr operties due to there reducingability 23. The lower activity observed can be explained by the fact that flavonoids only exihibitantioxidant properties if features such ortho-dihydroxy substitution in the B-ring, C2-C3 double bondand a carbonyl group in C-4 of the C-ring are present 24. Quercetin is a good example of a flavonoidwith such structural features and it has a high antioxidant property 25.Although the free radical scavenging activities observed for the extracts were not as much as thatobserved for ascorbic acid which was the positive control, the antioxidant activity of the extracts, canbe said to be significant considering that the extracts were in the crude form. Further purification of theaqueous extract is expected to produce pure compounds with improve antioxidant property.4. CONCLUSIONThe findings of this study reveal that Anthocleista nobilis possess antioxidant property. This provides ascientific basis for the ethnomedicinal utilization of this plant. The antioxida nt property of this plantmay qualify it for use as preservatives of natural origin in the food industry. 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