Resident Evil 3-Nemesis :: essays research papers

Resident Evil 3-NemesisBio Hazard 3-Last Escape--Faqs/Walkthrough and through--by Rann YongTable of Contents-----------------01. Intro02. Whats New03. rigs04. Characters05. WalkthroughI. September 28th, daylight...II. October 1st, night...06. Secrets07. Mecenaries Game08. lay out/ Grade09. Miscellaneous10. About11. Special Thanks01. Intro---------This is the first faq/ walkthrough I ever wrote, so please forgive me for not good in writting this faq. I must say that this game is harder than the previous series of Bio Hazard as the Boss (the one chasing you) in this episode is catchy to handle. So dont devaluate this game Nemesis will come running at you all the time He wont rest until you die in his hand...you will notice that, by the time he appear he will say "DIE"For this faq is quite or very hard for me to explain because theres lot of parts such(prenominal) as where the item location is, will differs according to your progress in the game. So instead of telling you w here the item is, I rather not allow in that, sorry But dont worry the item can be obviously seen if you look hard.This game is rather short but writting walkthrough is not that short...especially come explaining something difficult although my explaination is not that good. The walkthrough section only emphasize on the important item such as key. In other words, the location of green herbs, first financial aid spray, etc is not discussed.I recommended you guys and gals go select all the Bio Hazard series, as to exactly know what is happening. The objective in Bio Hazard 3 is solely escaping from the raccoon metropolis.02. Whats New--------------Version 0.2------------include walkthrough, character, miscellaneous faq including gunpowder mixing.-update on mercenaries game, I forgot another civilian from the last version.Version 0.1------------First released-Include mercenaries game, controls, etc.-Not much but enough to get you through the game03. Controls------------The followin g control is by default in the game. Control is break into two parts, basic movement, and new movement.Basic movement Control-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Walk forward D-pad upWalk backward D-pad downTurn right D-pad rightTurn left D-pad leftRun D-pad up plot of ground holding XNew movement Control-------------------------------------------------------------------------------180 degrees turn Press(or hold) D-pad down and X simultaneouslyAvoid obstacles Rapidly press R1,R2 or L1 when enemys waiver to attack you04. Characters--------------Name JillGender FemaleOccupation S.T.A.R.S. member nominate Escape from Raccoon CityControl through game YesControl through mercenaries game NoName CarlosGender MaleOccupation Mercenary hired by UmbrellaPurpose Rescue the civilians in Raccoon CityControl through game YesControl through mercenaries game YesName MikhailGender MaleOccupation Mercenary hired by UmbrellaPurpose Rescue the civilians in Rac coon City

Comparing Theories of Language Acquisition and Language Development Ess

The aim of this analyze is to explore language acquisition and compare and contrast different theories of language acquisition and language development. verbiage in its most basic form is used to communicate our needs and wants. It encompasses a range of modes of tryy including signing, spoken and written words, posture, eye contact, facial expressions and gestures. So how do we learn language? Are we born with the skills for communication, or is it something that we demand to learn or have taught to us? Four theories are looked at in this essay to determine how children acquire and then develop language. These theories include behaviourist, nativist, cognitivist and sociocultural. This essay will highlight some similarities and differences in each theory and what impact these have on a childs acquisition and development of language. Lastly we will look at the implications of these theories when working with children. Can a classroom teacher deliver a quality literacy program bas ed on just one of these theories or does it need to incorporate components of all four? Sims, (2012) pp. 21 states High-quality learning experiences in the early years of life enhance childrens cognitive and language skills. This places a great responsibility on educators and teachers alike to provide an environment which is ample in learning opportunities that will encourage both the acquisition and development of language.Language acquisition is perhaps one of the most debated issues of human development. Various theories and approaches have emerged over the years to study and analyse this developmental process. One factor contributing to the differing theories is the debate between nature vs nurture. A forefront commonly asked is Do humans a... ...conditioning.html Sims, M. & Hutchins, T. (2011). Program planning for infants and toddlers In search of relationships. Sydney Pademelon Press.Slavin, L. (2010). Theory on Cooperative Learning. Retrieved from http//books.google.com.a u/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oE-3bZik8rQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA160&dq=slavin+2010+theory+on+cooperative+learning&ots=K_fTJis6u7&sig=O6SN6RtlnBSjSt-VP8lFzxIN944v=onepage&q&f=falseStocia, D. (2008). Vygotskys Theory of Cognitive Development Online presentation. Retrieved from http//www.slideshare.net/dtr200x/vygotskys-theory-of-cognitive-development-presentationVukelich, C, Christie, J & Enz, B 2002, Helping Young Children Learn Language and Literacy, Allyn & Bacon, Bosten MA.Wadsworth, B. (1978). J. Piaget for the Classroom Teacher. NY, Longman Wilhelm, J., Baker, T., & Dube, J. (2001). Strategic Reading. Portsmouth, NH Heinemann

Irony :: essays research papers

The Ironies of 1984 The novel 1984, by George Orwell, has many congressmans of caustic remark throughout it. The two major types of derision verbal irony and situation irony, are demonstrated again and again in this novel. In the following essay I will discuss these types of ironies and give frameworks of each from the book. The set-back type of irony is verbal irony, in which a person says or does something one way, but the true meaning is the face-to-face. One of the first example of this irony is discovered when the main character, Winston Smith, uses the "Memory hole" to deposit thingsone would think that this would be where things are remembered ("Memory"), but its actually an incinerator. The next example of irony comes when you learn about the departments of Government in Oceania. The Ministry of Truth is actually the maker of lies for the history books, the Ministry of Love discourages love, and the Ministry of Peace is actually quite violent. The final example of verbal Irony can be seen in the name of the leader of Oceania, "Big Brother." The concept of a big brother is one whom is older and wiser and helps the "littler siblings"this not the case with 1984s Big Brother. The Big Brother in this novel completely watches over every move a person makes retention them controlled with fear. The next type of irony is Situation irony, which is when a character or a sequence of events appears to be headed one way, but it ends up as the opposite of what was thought. One example of this is Winstons general health. From the beginning of the book, it is shown how horrible his health is and is continually getting worse and more difficult, but as Winston gets involved with Julia past he begins a metamorphosis into a more healthy person. Another major example is the betrayal of many of the people whom Winston thought were his friends, such as Mr. Charrington and even OBrien- -who both worked for the Thought Police.

Homelessness in the Jane and Finch Area of Toronto :: Struggle for a Community

Many individuals would define leisure as time free from paid work, domestic responsibilities, and just most anything that one would not do as part of their daily routine. Time for leisure and time for work are both two separate spheres. The activities which plenty choose to do on their spare time benefit their own personal interests as well as their satisfactions. While some people whitethorn enjoy one activity, others pay not. Leisure is all about personal interests and what people constitute having a good time is all about. Some whitethorn say that the process of working class leisure can be seen to contribute their own subordination as well as the reproduction of capitalist class relations. Self-produced patterns of working class leisure can lead to resistance to such reproduction. This leads to social class relations and inequalities, and the fact that it they can never be completely reproduced in the leisure sphere. This film Home Feeling Struggle for a Community, gives some examples of the role of leisure within a capitalist society dealing with issues such as class inequalities, and how they are different among various societies. One might define the relations between natural law and partnership relations in the Jane and Finch celestial orbit of Toronto to be very discriminating. The start of the film already gives some insight on the issue which the film is trying to portray. A coloured mans is being harassed because the police do not think that he has ownership for the van to which he claimed he owned. The police were violating his rights and treating him in an impolite manner simply because of the standard that has been set, claiming that all coloured individuals are violent and dangerous. This is also the case because the film has been recorded in the Jane and Finch area where people are looked down upon and regarded as dangerous, violent and unemployed. The video Home Feeling A struggle for Community covers the lives and individual storie s of the residents of the Jane and Finch area, primarily the Indians who make up at least 15% of the immigrants who reside in the area. The residents of the Jane and Finch area have strong feelings against the police who constantly wander their community looking for trouble or trying to cause some of their own. Many blame the police for their frustrations claiming that they feel they have no privacy because they are always being watched.

Kung Bushman Essay -- essays research papers

The Kung Bushman Most contemporary foraging groups, such as the Kung and other Bushman tribes, are viewed as a uninitiated state. Some have even gone as far to say that they are the last representatives of the stone age. While it is true that these people have the almost similar culture to what we believe primitive persons to have had, the analogies they can provide us with the people of the past are very inaccurate. These comparisons are so matchless due to factors such as time and the misuse sense of view many people have on them. Another reason that we cannot compare the Kung of today to the people of the past is because they are now advancing in society with the use of technology. I believe that the Kung tribe is not comparable to the early people of their culture and that they are just the same as us minus our technology, which in no way makes them primitive people. First of all, every culture varies in traditions over time. According to Shostak, it is true that the Kung people still have traditions that have been passed d sustain for hundreds of generations such as their poison arrows, their trance ritual, their wide intimacy of over five hundred species of plants and animalsknowing which are edible, harmful, cosmetic, and medical. Who are we to say that these traditions have not been altered in the past ten thousand years? Howell declares that the Kung were a very studied group including their language, culture, and economic organization. Although they have been extensively studied, Howell also proclaims, It is surely illegitimate to use them as though they are the prototypical hunter-gatherers, knowledge of whom tells us all we need to know in order to apply the ethnographic analogy to models of prehistoric life. Wild, maniac, unsophisticated, uneducated, vulgarthese are all words that receive to mind when I think of prehistoric or primitive. Obviously the Kung tribe have gr let with the rest of society. How are we to say what the differences o f prehistoric life was to the new day Kung tribes? Human error would play a huge role in our assumptions of the Kung. For example, we might turn around to be just as wrong as the article of the Nacirema. Obviously, there is already a misconception about the bushman. For example, in McNeils essay, he comments on how a woman was speaking to a bushman and demanded to turn over one. When he explained ... ... The bushman are pretending to be people they are not, giving the tourists what they want. This also gives tourists the wrong impression and significantly aids in the ignorance of the Kung. This would be annihilative to their culture. Culture, after all, is associated with the changes a society goes through over time. If these prisons were to be set up, the culture would be forced and therefore in no way a comparison to early persons. Obviously, the Kung have a very unique culture compared to how we live our lives. They in no way, however, represent what the culture of early pers ons to have. They have their own culture, unique to their society, and like oursever changing. What most people consider primitive is an ethnocentric remark to the difference of their culture to ours. The Kung just have their very own technology, which is very efficient seeing that they survived this long. Due to time, ignorance, and the bushmans leaning towards our methods, they in no way can be compared to early people by manner of their culture. The Kung Bushmen are living their own lives now, in the present, therefore they can be in no way considered people of the past. Word Count 1024

Kung Bushman Essay -- essays research papers

The Kung Bushman Most contemporary foraging groups, such as the Kung and other Bushman tribes, are viewed as a natural battalion. Some have even gone as far to say that they are the last representatives of the stone age. While it is true that these people have the closely similar culture to what we believe primitive persons to have had, the analogies they can provide us with the people of the past are very inaccurate. These comparisons are so one(prenominal) due to factors such as time and the price sense of view many people have on them. Another reason that we cannot compare the Kung of instantly to the people of the past is because they are now advancing in society with the use of technology. I believe that the Kung tribe is not comparable to the early people of their culture and that they are just the same as us minus our technology, which in no way makes them primitive people. First of all, every culture varies in traditions all over time. According to Shostak, it is true that the Kung people still have traditions that have been passed d proclaim for hundreds of generations such as their poison arrows, their trance ritual, their wide fellowship of over five hundred species of plants and animalsknowing which are edible, harmful, cosmetic, and medical. Who are we to say that these traditions have not been altered in the past ten thousand years? Howell declares that the Kung were a very studied group including their language, culture, and economic organization. Although they have been extensively studied, Howell also proclaims, It is surely illegitimate to use them as though they are the prototypical hunter-gatherers, knowledge of whom tells us all we need to know in order to apply the ethnographic analogy to models of prehistoric life. Wild, maniac, unsophisticated, uneducated, vulgarthese are all words that do to mind when I think of prehistoric or primitive. Obviously the Kung tribe have gr knowledge with the rest of society. How are we to say wha t the differences of prehistoric life was to the modern day Kung tribes? Human error would play a huge role in our assumptions of the Kung. For example, we might turn around to be just as wrong as the article of the Nacirema. Obviously, there is already a misconception about the bushman. For example, in McNeils essay, he comments on how a woman was speaking to a bushman and demanded to fit one. When he explained ... ... The bushman are pretending to be people they are not, giving the tourists what they want. This also gives tourists the wrong impression and significantly aids in the ignorance of the Kung. This would be withering to their culture. Culture, after all, is associated with the changes a society goes through over time. If these prisons were to be set up, the culture would be forced and therefore in no way a comparison to early persons. Obviously, the Kung have a very unique culture compared to how we live our lives. They in no way, however, represent what the culture of early persons to have. They have their own culture, unique to their society, and like oursever changing. What most people consider primitive is an ethnocentric remark to the difference of their culture to ours. The Kung just have their very own technology, which is very efficient seeing that they survived this long. Due to time, ignorance, and the bushmans leaning towards our methods, they in no way can be compared to early people by gist of their culture. The Kung Bushmen are living their own lives now, in the present, therefore they can be in no way considered people of the past. Word Count 1024

Effectiveness Of Cost Sharing Mechanisms Health And Social Care Essay

The cost of wellness c ar has become an progressively outstanding issue in recent old ages. In the get together States every chomp good as in umpteen European states, wellness related costs have risen significantly and have progressively constituted a larger proportion of GDP. 1 The rapid addition in health care costs has threatened to force healthcare systems in certain states to the pecuniary threshold. Citizens in states with privatized systems like the United States have seen their premiums rise at rates higher than rising prices with many people going unable to afford up to now basic wellness insurance. In states with cosmopolitan wellness attention, costs have besides risen with much of the gist being passed on to occupants in the physique of higher revenue enhancements. 2 The recent health care argument in the United States underscores the importance of this issue. Although there was dissension as to how the job of unaffordable health care should be solved, there was a everyday consensus that something had to be done to lower wellness attention costs.The engage to drastic altogethery turn off down health care costs and increase efficiency has led to much research and argument. Many inefficiencies exist within the system but for the intents of this paper, the chief focal bear down will be on over physical exercise of wellness attention services and more(prenominal)(prenominal) specifically ambulatory attention. Regardless of the type of insurance, the presence of the third party remunerator has the possible to bring on over use of wellness attention services. If patients are non straight exposed to the costs of their ingestion, there is respectable inducement for them to take advantage of the system and to devour at a higher rate than they would hold otherwise. This extra ingestion is the consequence of a frequent phenomenon called moral jeopardy. Moral jeopardy exists when one party s insularity from hazard causes it to act in mode tha t is inconsistent with how it would hold behaved had it been exposed to that hazard. 3 In order to battle extra ingestion and borderline use of ambulatory services, the mechanism of cost sharing through copayments is frequently used. Copayments are either a level fee or per centum of entire monetary value which the exploiter must pay upon ingestion of services. The principle behind copayments is as follows insurance users are by and large desensitized to the cost of their services because they incur no disbursals at the point of ingestion. This desensitisation leads to an extra ingestion of services. By doing the user wage a part of the cost at the point of ingestion, one forces the user to go sensitive to the costs of his/her ingestion therefore cut downing his/her leaning to demand and consume unneeded services. 4 The usage of copayments is rather grievous because by cut downing the over use of ambulatory attention, one efficaciously reduces the load born by taxpayers and prem ium remunerators.Cost sharing through copayments has proven effectual at cut downing over use in many cases but is its effectivity the same in all systems? Furthermore, do the economic demographics of the user community have any consequence on the efficaciousness of user payments in cut downing the use of ambulatory attention? A expression at the effects of copayments in the Medicaid system in the U.S. versus in the German Universal health care system will supply great penetration into this issue.Overview of Systemic DifferencesBoth health care and wellness insurance in the United States are provided chiefly by the private sector. The cost of health care constitutes a important part of national and angiotensin-converting enzyme income with the United States taking the earth in money spent per individual on health care. Although the United States spends a considerable proportion of its income on health care, approximately 11 per centum of its citizens wait uninsured with an estim ated 21 per centum holding less than equal coverage. The logical thinking of those who remain uninsured varies from circumstance to circumstance. Some people choose non to inscribe in an insurance program because they do non experience like they have considerable wellness hazards and experience that their income could be put to better usage. Others, who have fallen victim to fiscal strain, merely do non hold the resources to afford equal insurance or any insurance at all. The people in the latter disunite frequently have incomes that are merely above the threshold that would measure up them for governmental assistance, but for those who live on a lower floor what has been established as the pauperization line, assorted plans exist to help with wellness insurance. 5 One of the primary plans which the U.S. uses to supply wellness insurance to the hapless is the Medicaid system. Medicaid was founded in 1965 under the Social gage Act. The Medicaid plan is jointly funded by the feder al and province authoritiess. Each province names its ain Medicaid plan and has the duty of puting its eligibility guidelines while the Center for Medicare and Medicaid services sets general parametric quantities with respects to support and service bringing. Poverty is seen as the chief requirement for Medicaid eligibility, but low income entirely does non measure up an person for Medicaid coverage. In fact, a considerable part of hapless person in the United States do non measure up for Medicaid. In order to measure up for Medicaid, an single must fall into either one of the Mandatory Medicaid eligibility groups or into what is defined as a flatly destitute group. The people who fall into these classs range from adjuvant Security Income receivers to medically destitute individuals with inordinate medical costs. For the intents of this paper the most of import thing to maintain in head is that the bulk of Medicaid users fall below the poorness line. 6 The universalized German healt h care system contrasts greatly with the privatized American system. 88 per centum of Germans are covered under their Statutory Health amends Plan with the other 12 per centum choosing for the private sector. The national health care program is compulsory for all salaried employees, and merely a few train groups have the option of buying premium private insurance. Premiums are set by Germany s Public Ministry of Health to degrees that are determined to be economically feasible. Premiums do non take into history the wellness position of persons but alternatively are based on a per centum of wage. Because the cosmopolitan system covers the bulk of German citizens, the demographics of its users differ greatly from those of the Medicaid system. More specifically, the mean income of the typical German user is significantly higher than that of the norm Medicaid user. 7 Comparison of Two Natural ExperimentsIn order to discriminate the comparative effectivity of copayments in the two sys tems, this paper will see informations from two natural experiments. One survey by Helms, Newhouse, and Phelps entitled Copayments and the Demand for Healthcare The California Medicaid Experience, examines the consequence of the submission of copayments on Medicaid users in California. The other survey entitled Copayments in the German Healthcare System Does it Work? , examines the effects of the debut of a 10 Euro copayment for the first physician visit of distributively one-fourth in Germany.Because of lifting wellness attention outgos, in 2004, the German authorities introduced a copayment for all those covered by Statutory Health Insurance. Those covered by private insurance programs where exempted from the copayment and therefore within the model of this experiment service as a natural control. The copayment was 10 Euros and was to be paid upon the first physicians visit of each one-fourth. Certain groups were to be exempted including those with chronic conditions and pat ients with well low incomes. The information collected in the survey covers 2000-2003 and 2005-2006 the periods before and after the intercession. Harmonizing to the Data collected in the Study, the figure of doctors visits for non exempt SHI members dropped from 2.75 in 2003 to 2.5 in 2004. That figure increased to 2.6 in 2005 before dropping back to 2.5 in 2006. Interestingly PHI members followed a similar tendency during this period with mean visits falling from 2.25 in 2003 to 2 in 2004 so lifting back up to 2.5 in 2005 before falling back to 2 in 2006. 8 The fluctuation in these Numberss suggests that while the copayment may hold had an initial consequence, it did small to cut down use of ambulatory services in the long term.A similar natural experiment took topographic point in California in 1972. In order to cut down use of ambulatory services, Medicaid patients were asked to pay a little out of pocket fee for certain out of hospital services. A group of patients was exemp ted to function as a control. Data was collected for six quarters from July 1971 to December 1972. The sample includes 400,662 persons from the San Francisco, Tulare, and Ventura Counties. The demographics of the sample differed greatly from the general population with 100 per centum the participants being low income persons. From January 1, 1972 to the terminal of the experiment, the Californian authorities imposed a copayment of 26 per centum on the sample population. The copayment was $ 1 for the first 2 visits of each month with subsequent services being offered for free. In the copayment group, the mean figure of doctors visits per one-fourth decreased from.6772 before the imposed copayments to.6494 stand foring a 4.1 per centum lessening in use. For the control group the figure of visits dropped from.7316 to.7274. Using complex methodological analysis, the Numberss where adjusted to account for demographical and behavioural differences between the experimental and control grou p. After this accommodation, it was found that the genuine consequence of the 1 dollar copayment was a important 8 per centum decrease in physicians visits. 9 DiscussionThe findings of these two experiments are important. While the debut of the copayment in the German system seemed to hold the initial consequence of cut downing use, in the long tally it proved futile. On the other manus cost sharing seemed to hold rather a important consequence in the Medicaid system in California. There are assorted grounds for this statistical disparity. One may be the differences in fringy public-service corporation that exist between the two populations. The Californian experiment monitored a public assistance population. Because all of the topics were of low income the fringy public-service corporation of one dollar was rather high. Given this fact, it is rather likely that even a little sum of money played a important function in changing their behaviour. In contrast, the mean member of the G erman population was comparatively good off. The bulk had the agencies to take attention of life s basic necessities. The fringy public-service corporation of their money was well less than those of the Medicaid users. This is likely why the infliction of copayments had really small permanent consequence on the use of ambulatory services. It is besides likely that other factors including assorted regional, societal, and cultural differences, may hold contributed to the disparity, but more research is required to asses the effects of these variables.DecisionGiven the consequences of the two experiments, it appears that the socioeconomic demographics of an insured population play a important function in the effectivity of user payments at cut downing over use of ambulatory services. Cost sharing mechanisms are rather effectual at cut downing over use in poorer populations, but loose their effectivity with more flush insured populations. While it is rather clear that a important relati onship exists between the efficaciousness of cost sharing mechanisms and the income degree of insured populations more research is needed to find the full extent of this relationship.

On ‘Mending Wall’ by Robert Frost

From the very title of this poem Robert halt implies his intention of presenting an everlasting barricade in human relationship, emblemized by the image of a seawall. Close analysis reveals a work that functions on many levels. On the surface, Mending Wall pictures a picture show in which the narrator and his live cooperate with genius another to mend a cracked wall and then begin a reasoning dispute everyplace the significance/insignificance of having a wall between them. However, as the poem develops, more underlying conflicts atomic number 18 unfolded which cast a different light on the scene before the readers. Frost takes on these issues to explore some of the more complex aspects of human relationship in modern days.The poem opens with a comment of the vex narrator ab protrude an unk outrightn force that sends the frozen-ground-swell under it/And spills the upper boulders in the sun, producing measurable gaps in the wall. By the workout of an unlikely compound noun fr ozen-ground-swell, instead of a proper word, such as ice or icicle, and the failure to relate the cracks as consequences of the former phenomenon the comment is likely to be the voice of a youth as well as a remark to the natural wonder.Then the depiction of gaps caused by hunters disrupts the scene and brings in a preliminary conflict within the narrators approximation that is, ironically, the narrator approves only of natural cracks in a wall not the man-made ones. He reasons that man-made gaps are forceful, destructive and merely for a face-to-face purpose To please the yelping dogs. On the contrary, with the pausing effect of a Caesura as well as end stops and the use of words with long vowel sounds in a line followed closely by short vowel sounds in anotherTo please the yelping dogs. The gaps I mean, short vowel soundsNo one has seen them made or heard them made, long vowel soundsBut at spring mending-time we breakthrough them there,the narrator expresses his wonder and ad miration to a naturally-cracked wall. This preference foreshadows the narrators silence but cold reaction on mending a wall at the end of the poem.In line 11, But at spring mending-time we find them there, along with the rebirth of spring emerge gaps in a wall, coordinated reparation as well as a remarkable irony in mending wall, all of which prepare the ground for the central conflict of modern human relationship. Acknowledged of the mending time the narrator and his neighbor gather together in order to fulfill gaps in a wall. At this stage, the two characters are unified as the first person plural we, signifying the sense of single and cooperation.This is indeed an irony the narrator and his neighbor become cooperative in order to be separate we meet and set the wall between us once again. In addition, the description of the reparation is ornamented with quick, joyful but thoughtless rhythm, following from repetitive use of enjambment and childlike metaphor Some stones are lo aves and balls. Such playful words and rhythm characterize many childlike aspects of the narrator. He is initiative and enthusiastic I let my neighbor know beyond the hill he is imaginative in a childlike way Some are loaves and some so nearly balls/We have to use a tour of duty to gull them balance. In fact, repairing a wall is a tough workTo each the boulders that have fallen to each. unstressed ending We have to use a spell to polish off them balance unstressed endingStay where you are until our backs are turnedWe wear our fingers rough with handling them.Oh, just another kind of outdoor game,hinted by such examples as the effect of interrupting uneasiness from continuous unstressed ending and some words, including have to, spell, and rough, that connote hardship. While mending the wall, the narrator is, however, overwhelmed thoughtlessly with joyful physical frolic and sense of collaboration with his neighbor. Even though he has remarked somewhere that the wall is set up again, the narrator seems ironically ignorant to the fact that mending wall bequeath later disunify his sense of we, the togetherness between himself and his neighbor. Once he realizes it an communication channel will be unavoidable.At a particular point, One on a side , Frost allows his narrator a pause for reasoning thoughts by applying a long-vowel sound followed immediately by a Caesura. The pause as well as the subsequent statement It comes to little more, reports a wondering tone and suggests in some way that the narration is developing his intellectual maturity. He begins his first argument against the significance of mending wall, saying innocently My apple trees will never get across/And eat the cones under his pines. He fails to argue his neighbors murmur satisfactory fences make good neighbors, though. Further on the main conflict of a revolutionary mind versus a blimpish one has fully developed, illustrating Frosts concerned sentiency of mental gaps in modern relati onship. The unified we has been split perpetually into two independent units I the revolutionary and He the conservative.No longer a pleasant wonder, the spring mending-time has now become mischievous to the revolutionary mind. The narrator who once eagerly informed his neighbor of the mending-wall time would now prefer a world without borders and a nearness without fences. The narrator, having passed the verge of maturity, bursts out a train of spicy, reasonable arguments made firm and effective by the use of rhetorical questions and enjambmentWhy do they make good neighbors? Isnt itWhere there are cows? But here there are no cowsBefore I built a wall Id ask to knowWhat I was walling in or walling out,And to whom I was like to give offense.He views a wall no longer as a outflow recreation nor a symbol of neighborliness and collaboration. It is a sign of offense, and he wants it down. Nonetheless, the narrator only puts a notion about the uselessness of a wall in his neighbors hea d and refuses the use of force, even though he realizes that verbal encouragement may not work. The reason lies in his earlier detestation about the work of hunters. That is, the narrator regards himself as apple orchard, polychromatic, fruitful trees of knowledge that make man civilized. Consequently, he would not degrade himself into the level of yelping dogs just to have the rabbit(an intended metaphor for his neighbor) out of hiding. He would rather have nature as he could say elves take its course in destroying the wall.The central conflict does not come as an overt interaction, and the narrators treatment towards his neighbor is courteous in a sense. But, it is not on the whole, for his remarks about the neighbor are somewhat cold and contemptuous. The narrator likens his neighbor who dare not go behind his fathers saying to a gloomy, prickling pine tree with its inedible cones. Then an image of an armed old-stone savage is deployed to humiliate his incorrigible neighbor. Fros t may be pointing out how a modern, revolutionary youth views conservatism in general, which is suggested as a step backward, a retreat into darkness.However, seeds of satire are also disseminated in the delineation of the rebelling narrator. The Fruit of Knowledge, which is compared to the revolutionary mind, is not only the cause of human intelligence but also that of human banishment from the tend of Eden. Considering himself as civilized and assuming allegedly that his belief is unarguably correct, the narrator of the Mending Wall is somehow driven by pride when he ridicules his neighbor as a prehistoric savage. Moreover, such premises as the eating of cones, the wandering of cows and the uselessness of a wall have their implication of materialism (Note that they are all materials and subscribe to the gain/loss of benefits). Frost may intend to insert these defaults to make his subversive narrator less reliable and leave space for individual readers to mark according to their own favour.When finishing Mending Wall it is possible to assert that the poem is a microcosm of our changing world in which ones are gradually separated from the others as a result of ones own bias, causing interminable gaps in human relationship. Portrayed in Mending Wall are the narrator, the revolutionary mind, who assumes arrogantly his superiority to others and his neighbor, the conservative mind, who possesses indestructible sense of stubbornness. Frost has implied that the roots of all trouble indeed lie within these two egocentric characters. The wall itself stands as an ironic symbol of integration or reconciliation and does not account for the disintegration between the narrator and his neighbor.

Asses sociological explanations for ethnic differences in educational achievement Essay

Ethnicity refers to shared cultural practices, perspectives, and distinctions that set apart one group of people from another. That is, socialality is a shared cultural heritage. The most communal characteristics distinguishing various heathen groups are ancestry, a sense of history, language and religion. Modern Britain is said to be a multicultural society made up of umteen an(prenominal) different ethnic groups. Achievement within education is very varied across cultures, with some such as Chinese and Indian schoolchilds performing preceding(prenominal) the average, and African-Caribbean and Pakistani students performing well below average.There are legion(predicate) factors which can reduce a child from an ethnic backgrounds attainment. For instance, Material expiration. Material deprivation focuses on income inequality and the temporal problems that are associated with it. An example of such a study is J. W. B Douglas, The Home and The School (1964). He argued that an interlocking network of inequalities existed which operated against many functional class students. This included, differential effects of regional and variations in educational provision and expenditure. Also, ho development and environmental factors.Which led to chances of access to good primary schools. Therefore, impeding the chance of access to top streams. As a result, nonage ethnic children are more likely to live in low-income households. This means they face the problems that Douglas highlighted, the material factors, such as poor quality housing, no working space and even possibly bad influence of peers. One other reason for differences in educational achievement between ethnicities is the basic family life. African-Caribbean communities have a high level of lone parenthood.Actually, it is estimated 50% of African-Caribbean households have a lone-parent . This can mean that many face financial problems, this can buy the farm to lower achievement in school (Douglas mater ial factors). Conversely, single mothers can be a positive character reference model or influence for many young girls, meaning they perform better in education. Another explanation for ethnic differences is Language. For many children of an ethnic minority English is not their primary language. This can be a disadvantage because they may not understand exams as well as others.Also they business leader struggle to express themselves with limited English. Finally, some teachers may mistake poor English for a lack of intelligence, when actually this could be completely untrue, meaning that a clever child may be let down by the teacher who might not push the student to their full potential. However, you could argue that Chinese and Indian students first language isnt English, on the other hand in these two cultures it is the norm to learn English as a beardown(prenominal) second language. Therefore, they are not hindered by the second language barrier, as opposed to Bangladeshis for example.Language was such a big payoff that Bernstein (1973) categorised students into two groups. Elaborated and restricted. In the case of an elaborated code, the speaker will select from a relatively extensive range of alternatives. However in the case of a restricted code the number of these alternatives is often severely limited. Bernsteins work was not always praised. For instance, Labov (1974) argued that young blacks in the United States, although using language which certainly seems an example of the restricted code, nevertheless display a clear ability to argue logically.Their lack of knowledge concerning the subject may rag further than just the exams they have to take. For instance, due to the large amount of failing black Caribbeans and Bangladeshis (a combined total of 41% managed to watch 5 A* C grades), teachers may be subconsciously prejudiced against ethnic minorities. This can lower the students attainments in many ways, one is that the teachers give the stud ent lower grades. Another way is that the teacher negatively designates a student of ethnic minority which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy.Racism can also lead to conflict between students and teachers, making learning a much harder task. Lastly, racism can lead to low-self esteem among ethnic minorities. A researcher who studies this was Howard Becker (1971). Becker Interviewed 60 dinero high school teachers. He found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted image of ideal pupil. Their conduct & appearance influenced judgement. Middle class was closest to ideal, working class furthest away & labelled as badly behaved. As a result you can see, if teachers labelled students on how they look, you can imagine how they would label a whole ethnic race.Another factor for ethnic differences in educational achievement is the ethnocentric curriculum. There are several reasons why ethnic minorities may struggle due to this curriculum. One is that the subjects often focus on British culture naturally White British students will have handsome up with this culture, so they might have a greater understanding of the essence than students who grew up in a different culture. Another reason is that the content of the curriculum could lower ethnic minorities self-esteem, this is because often the white character is seen as good and superior whilst the ethnic minorities are seen as not as academician.However, it is crucial not to forget that every ethnic minority underachieves at this level. In fact, in the UK, Chinese and Indian pupils score better grades than the White ethnic race. One of the main reasons for this is the support of the parents. Research has shown that some parents of ethnic minority, such as Chinese and Indian, take more interest in their childs education, they also encourage their child more than other in other cultures. This obviously leads to higher achievement for the child.Not only the parents play a part. many teachers may s tereotype some ethnic minorities to be intelligent and hard-working. This encouragement and sort of support can aid a student in rearing their grades. To conclude, there are many sociological explanations for the ethnic differences in educational achievement, from language barriers to family life at home. However, it is important to remember not all ethnic minorities to underachieve. Rafi Kentafi Lindill 12P.

Major causes of French Revolution Essay

IntroductionFrench Revolution was the period that stirred the imagination of Europeans, both participants and observers sensed that they were living in a pivotal age. There were many causes that led to the French Revolution, but the primary cause was the social structure and others were maladministration, financial disorder, enlightenments, and interference in the American struggle of independence and poverty. This essay is going to focus more on these factors. Social structurePrimary cause of the French Revolution was social structure. The old political science refers to the measures of governance based on Monarchy/king and whose powers was despotic call authority vested on the Monarchy. During despotism the French society divided into three estates, the first estate, succor estate, and the third estate. The first estates were the clergy and priests, the second estate were the nobilities or nobles, and the third state were the bourgeoisie, urban labours and peasants. The first est ate or the clergy were enjoying privileges and the clergy did not pay tax preferably determined the amount. The second estate enjoyed some privileges, they owned between one-quarter and one third of the land. The third estate were not enjoying any privileges, however, its success depended on the championship given by the rest of the third estate. There was a vast inequality which caused the problem.ENLIGHTENMENTIn general, it can be said that there is no instrumental relationship between the philosophers of the Enlightenment and the outbreak of the French Revolution. Writtings of the Philosophers influenced French society. Few philosophers, if any, advocated revolution and the reason is fairly clear. No philosopher advocated the violent overthrow of the alive order of things because violence was contrary to human reason. But because the philosophes of the Enlightenment attacked the established order together with authority of any kind, their ideas helped to produce what can only be called a revolutionary mentality. Most people used the work of philosophers to Question the French society using the ideas of philosophers as to seek reformsINTERFERENCE IN American WARSMonarchy waged fights on other European countries including America, assisting in American war of independence. These wars shattered the economy of the state. Consequently, the state was either poor or bankrupt The American war of independence cost France a lot while the country already had a huge debt. As it became bankrupt it demanded heavy taxation on peasants and peasants cognize that it was time to take actionMALADMINISTRATIONFrance had no Parliament. However, the country did have an Estates General which was a semi-representative institution. The way the French administered the country was through an overstuffed bureaucracy of officials. By 1750, the bureaucracy had overgrown itself it was large, corrupt and inefficient. Too many officials had bought and sold their offices over the years. This led to corruption and over taxation. France had no single, unified system of law. Each persona determined its own laws based on the rule of the local Parliament. Most govt official were characterized by incompetency and inefficiency, There was corruption in the govtMost officials had bring in their positions in the govt through bribery, no qualification or talent, or competency to provide good governanceFINANCESBy 1789, France was bankrupt. The country could no long-life pay its debts, debts that were all the result of war. One example says a great deal about this situation. By 1789, France was still paying off debts incurred by the wars of Louis XIV, that is, wars of the of late 17th and early 18th century. Furthermore, a number of social groups and institutions did not pay taxes of any kind. Many universities were exempt from taxation as were the thirteen Parliaments, cites alike Paris, the Church and the clergy, aristocracy and numerous members of the bourgeoisie.POVER TYPoverty was first caused by King Louis XIV because he had entered many wars and spent most of Frances capital on Versailles. Another cause was King Louis XVI who sent out troops and money to help out in their American revolution. Marry Antoinettes lavish living also contributed to poverty. Peasants were starving.This led to bread riots and protests in ParisThat led revolutionary actions of July 1789 the Tennis Court Oath and the declaration of the National meeting/ Constituent Assembly- 1791the Storming of the Bastille and the great march to Versailles France declared a Republic the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Reforms introduced and constituted on the ideals of the Enlightened Philosophies.

Sample Apa Research Paper

Sample APA Research Paper Sample Title Page Place manuscript page headers half inch from the top. Put five spaces between the page header and the page number. running play on Empty 1 Full title, authors, and school name argon centered on the page, typed in uppercase and lowercase. Running on Empty The Effects of intellectual nourishment Deprivation on Concentration and Perseverance Thomas Delancy and ten Solberg Dordt College 34 Sample Abstract Running on Empty Abstract This piece of work examined the issuances of short-run pabulum privation on two The abbreviation summarizes the problem, participants, hypotheses, methods used, results, and destructions. cognitive abilities minginess and constancy. Undergraduate students (N-51) were well-tried on both a dumbness delegate and a perseverance caper after one of trey levels of feed departure none, 12 hours, or 24 hours. We predicted that diet deprivation would impair both concentration scores and perseverance convic tion. Food deprivation had no authoritative effect on concentration scores, which is consistent with new-fashioned research on the effects of nutrition deprivation (Green et al. , 1995 Green et al. , 1997).However, participants in the 12-hour deprivation aggroup spent significantly slight time on the perseverance t direct than those in both the control and 24-hour deprivation groups, suggesting that short-term deprivation may furbish up some aspects of cognition and non others. An APA Research Paper Model Thomas Delancy and Adam Solberg wrote the following research paper for a psychology class. As you brushup their paper, read the side notes and examine the following ? The use and documentation of their numerous sources. ? The background they provide before getting into their own study results. The scientific address used when reporting their results. Center the title one inch from the top. Double-space by dint ofout. Running on Empty Running on Empty The Effects of Food D eprivation on Concentration and Perseverance 3 Many things interrupt peoples ability to strain on a task distractions, headaches, creaky environments, and even psycho tenacious disorders. To some extent, people can control the environmental factors that make it difficult to focus. However, what about internal factors, such as an empty take over?Can people increase their ability to focus simply by eating regularly? One theory that prompted research on how food uptake affects the average person was the glucostatic theory. Several researchers in the 1940s and 1950s suggested that the brain regu belatedlys food intake in order to maintain a blood-glucose set point. The intellection was that people become hungry when their blood-glucose levels drop significantly below their set point and that they become satisfied after eating, when their blood-glucose levels return to that set point.This theory seemed logical because glucose is the brains primary fuel (Pinel, 2000). The earliest in vestigation of the general effects of food deprivation found that long-term food deprivation (36 hours and longer) was associated with sluggishness, depression, irritability, rock-bottom heart rate, and inability to concentrate (Keys, Brozek, The introduction states the topic and the main questions to be explored. The researchers supply background information by discussing past research on the topic. extensive referencing establishes support for the discussion.Henschel, Mickelsen, & Taylor, 1950). Another study found that fasting for several mean solar days produced muscular weakness, irritability, and apathy or depression (Kollar, Slater, Palmer, Docter, & Mandell, 1964). Since that time, research has center mainly on how nutrition affects cognition. However, as Green, Elliman, and Rogers (1995) point out, the effects of food deprivation on cognition have received comparatively less attention in recent years. Running on Empty The relatively sparse research on food deprivation h as left room for 4 urther research. First, very much of the research has focused either on chronic The researchers explain how their study will add to past research on the topic. starvation at one end of the continuum or on missing a single meal at the other end (Green et al. , 1995). Second, some of the findings have been contradictory. One study found that skipping breakfast impairs true aspects of cognition, such as problem-solving abilities (Pollitt, Lewis, Garza, & Shulman, 1983). However, other research by M. W. Green, N. A. Elliman, and P. J.Rogers (1995, 1997) has found that food deprivation ranging from missing a single meal to 24 hours without eating does not significantly impair cognition. Third, not all groups of people have been sufficiently studied. Studies have been done on 911 year-olds (Pollitt et Clear transitions guide readers through the researchers reasoning. al. , 1983), obese subjects (Crumpton, Wine, & Drenick, 1966), college-age men and women (Green et al. , 1995, 1996, 1997), and middle-age males (Kollar et al. , 1964). Fourth, not all cognitive aspects have been studied.In 1995 Green, Elliman, and Rogers studied sustained attention, simple reaction time, and immediate memory in 1996 they studied attentional bias and in 1997 they studied simple reaction time, two-finger tapping, recognition memory, and free recall. In 1983, another(prenominal) study focused on reaction time and accuracy, give-and-take quotient, and problem solving (Pollitt et al. ). According to some researchers, most of the results so far indicate that cognitive function is not affected significantly by short-term fasting (Green et al. , 1995, p. 246).However, this conclusion seems premature due to the relative lack of research on cognitive functions such as concentration and The researchers support their decision to focus on concentration and perseverance. perseverance. To date, no study has tested perseverance, despite its importance in cognitive functioning. In fact, perseverance may be a break off indicator than achievement tests in assessing growth in learning and thinking abilities, as perseverance helps in solving complex problems (Costa, 1984). Another study in any case recognized that perseverance, better learning techniques, and effort atomic number 18 cognitions worth studying (DAgostino, 1996).Testing as many aspects of cognition as practical is key because the nature of the task is important when interpreting the link between food deprivation and cognitive finishance (metalworker & Kendrick, 1992). Running on Empty The researchers state their initial hypotheses. 5 Therefore, the original study helps us understand how short-term food deprivation affects concentration on and perseverance with a difficult task. Specifically, participants deprived of food for 24 hours were judge to perform worse on a concentration test and a perseverance task than those deprived for 12 hours, who in turn were predicted to perform worse than hose who were not deprived of food. Method Headings and subheadings show the papers organization. Participants Participants included 51 undergraduate-student volunteers (32 females, 19 males), some of whom received a small total of extra credit in a college course. The mean college grade point average (GPA) was 3. 19. Potential participants were excluded if they were dieting, menstruating, or taking special medication. Those who were struggling with or had The tastes method is described, using the terms and acronyms of the discipline. truggled with an eating disorder were excluded, as were potential participants addicted to nicotine or caffeine. Materials Concentration speed and accuracy were measured using an online numbers-matching test (www. psychtests. com/tests/iq/concentration. html) that consisted of 26 lines of 25 numbers all(prenominal). In 6 minutes, participants were required to find pairs of numbers in each line that added up to 10. tally were calculated as the perc entage of correctly identified pairs out of Passive voice is used to emphasize the experiment, not the researchers otherwise, active voice is used. a possible 120.Perseverance was measured with a puzzle that contained five octagonseach of which included a stencil of a specific object (such as an animal or a flower). The octagons were to be placed on top of each other in a specific way to make the silhouette of a rabbit. However, three of the shapes were around altered so that the task was impossible. Perseverance scores were calculated as the number of minutes that a participant spent on the puzzle task before giving up. Procedure At an initial meeting, participants gave informed consent. Each consent form contained an assigned identification number and requested the participants GPA.Students were then informed that they would be notified by e-mail and telephone about their assignment to one of the Running on Empty three experimental groups. Next, students were effrontery an instr uction The experiment is laid out step by step, with time transitions like then and next. 6 sheet. These written instructions, which we also read aloud, explained the experimental measure ups, handsome guidelines for the food deprivation period, and specified the time and location of interrogation. Participants were randomly assigned to one of these conditions using a matched-triplets design based on the GPAs collected at the initial meeting.This design was used to control individual differences in cognitive ability. Two days after the initial meeting, participants were informed of their group assignment and its condition and reminded that, if they were in a food-deprived group, they should not eat anything after 10 a. m. the next day. Participants from the control group were tested at 730 p. m. in a designated computer lab on the day the deprivation started. Those in the 12-hour group were tested at 10 p. m. on that same day. Those in the 24-hour group were tested at 1040 a. m. on the following day.At their assigned time, participants arrived at a computer lab for testing. Each participant was given written testing instructions, which were also read aloud. The online concentration test had already Attention is shown to the control features. been loaded on the computers for participants before they arrived for testing, so shortly after they arrived they proceeded to complete the test. like a shot after all participants had completed the test and their scores were recorded, participants were each given the silhouette puzzle and instructed how to proceed.In addition, they were told that (1) they would have an unlimited amount of time to complete the task, and (2) they were not to tell any other participant whether they had completed the puzzle or simply given up. This procedure was followed to prevent the group influence of some participants sightedness others give up. Any participant still working on the puzzle after 40 minutes was stopped to keep the tim e of the study manageable. presently after each participant stopped working on the puzzle, he/she gave demographic information and completed a few manipulation-check items. We then debriefed and dismissed each participant outside of the lab.Running on Empty Results The writers summarize their findings, including problems encountered. 7 Perseverance data from one control-group participant were eliminated because she had to leave the session early. Concentration data from another control-group participant were dropped because he did not complete the test correctly. Three manipulation-check questions indicated that each participant correctly perceived his or her deprivation condition and had followed the rules for it. The average concentration score was 77. 78 (SD = 14. 21), which was very good considering that anything over 50 percent is labeled good or above average. The average time spent on the puzzle was 24. 00 minutes (SD = 10. 16), with a maximum of 40 minutes allowed. We predi cted that participants in the 24-hour deprivation group would perform worse on the concentration test and the perseverance task than those in the 12-hour group, who in turn would perform worse than those in the control group. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant effect of deprivation condition on concentration, F(2,46) = 1. 06, p = . 36 (see skeletal system 1). Another one-way ANOVA indicated Figure 1. 100 See Figure 1 sends readers to a figure (graph, photograph, chart, or drawing) contained in the paper.All figures and illustrations (other than tables) are numbered in the order that they are first mentioned in the text. Mean score on concentration test 90 80 70 60 50 No deprivation 12-hour deprivation 24-hour deprivation Deprivation Condition The researchers restate their hypotheses and the results, and go on to interpret those results. Running on Empty a significant effect of deprivation condition on perseverance time, F(2,47) = 7. 41, p . 05. Post-hoc T ukey tests indicated that the 12-hour deprivation group (M = 17. 79, SD = 7. 84) spent significantly less time on the perseverance task than either the control group (M = 26. 0, SD = 6. 20) or the 24-hour group (M = 28. 75, SD = 12. 11), with no significant difference between the latter two groups (see Figure 2). No significant effect was found for gender either generally or with specific deprivation conditions, Fs 1. 00. Unexpectedly, food deprivation had no significant effect on concentration scores. Overall, we found support for our hypothesis that 12 hours of food deprivation would significantly impair perseverance when compared to no deprivation. Unexpectedly, 24 hours 8 of food deprivation did not significantly affect perseverance relative to the control group.Also unexpectedly, food deprivation did not significantly affect concentration scores. Figure 2. 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 No deprivation 12-hour deprivation 24-hour deprivation Mean score on perseveran ce test Deprivation Condition Discussion The purpose of this study was to test how different levels of food deprivation affect concentration on and perseverance with difficult tasks. Running on Empty they would score on the concentration task, and the less time they would spend on the perseverance task. In this study, those deprived of food did 9 We predicted that the longer people had been deprived of food, the lower ive up to a greater extent quickly on the puzzle, but only in the 12-hour group. Thus, the hypothesis was partially supported for the perseverance task. However, concentration was found to be unaffected by food deprivation, and thus the hypothesis was not supported for that task. The findings of this study are consistent with those of Green et al. The writers speculate on possible explanations for the unexpected results. (1995), where short-term food deprivation did not affect some aspects of cognition, including attentional focus. Taken together, these findings sugges t that concentration is not significantly impaired by short-term food deprivation.The findings on perseverance, however, are not as easily explained. We surmise that the participants in the 12-hour group gave up more quickly on the perseverance task because of their hunger produced by the food deprivation. But why, then, did those in the 24-hour group fail to yield the same effect? We postulate that this result can be explained by the concept of intentional industriousness, wherein participants who perform one difficult task do better on a subsequent task than the participants who never took the initial task (Eisenberger & Leonard, 1980 Hickman, Stromme, & Lippman, 1998).Because participants had successfully completed 24 hours of fasting already, their tendency to persevere had already been increased, if only temporarily. Another possible explanation is that the demandal state of a participant may be a significant determinant of behavior under testing (Saugstad, 1967). This idea m ay also explain the short perseverance times in the 12-hour group because these participants took the tests at 10 p. m. , a prime time of the night for conducting business and socializing on a college campus, they may have been less motivated to take the time to work on the puzzle.Research on food deprivation and cognition could continue in several directions. First, other aspects of cognition may be affected by short-term food deprivation, such as reading comprehension or motivation. With respect to this latter topic, some students in this study reported decreased motivation to complete the tasks because of a desire to eat immediately Running on Empty took the tests may have influenced the results those in the 24-hour 10 after the testing.In addition, the time of day when the respective groups group took the tests in the morning and may have been fresher and more relaxed than those in the 12-hour group, who took the tests at night. Perhaps, then, the motivation level of food-depriv ed participants could be effectively tested. Second, longer-term food deprivation periods, such as those experienced by people fasting for religious reasons, could be explored. It is possible that cognitive function fluctuates over the duration of deprivation. Studies could ask how long a person can remain focused despite a lack of nutrition.Third, and perhaps most fascinating, studies could explore how food deprivation affects learned industriousness. As stated above, one possible explanation for the better perseverance times in the 24-hour group could be that they spontaneously improved their perseverance faculties by simply forcing themselves not to eat for 24 hours. Therefore, research could study how food deprivation affects the acquisition of perseverance. In conclusion, the results of this study provide some fascinating The conclusion summarizes the outcomes, stresses the experiments value, and anticipates further advances on the topic. nsights into the cognitive and physiolo gical effects of skipping meals. Contrary to what we predicted, a person may indeed be very able of concentrating after not eating for many hours. On the other hand, if one is taking a long test or working long hours at a tedious task that requires perseverance, one may be hindered by not eating for a short time, as shown by the 12-hour groups performance on the perseverance task. Many peoplestudents, working mothers, and those interested in fasting, to mention a fewhave to deal with short-term food deprivation, intentional or unintentional.This research and other research to follow will contribute to knowledge of the disadvantagesand possible advantagesof skipping meals. The mixed results of this study suggest that we have much more to learn about short-term food deprivation. Running on Empty References All works referred to in the paper appear on the extension page, listed alphabetically by author (or title). 11 Costa, A. L. (1984). Thinking How do we know students are getting be tter at it? Roeper Review, 6, 197199. Crumpton, E. , Wine, D. B. , & Drenick, E. J. (1966). Starvation Stress or joy?Journal of the American Medical Association, 196, 394396. DAgostino, C. A. F. (1996). Testing a social-cognitive model of achievement motivation. -Dissertation Abstracts International Section A Humanities & Social Sciences, 57, 1985. Eisenberger, R. , & Leonard, J. M. (1980). Effects of abstract task Each entry follows APA guidelines for listing authors, dates, titles, and publishing information. difficulty on generalized persistence. American Journal of Psychology, 93, 285298. Green, M. W. , Elliman, N. A. , & Rogers, P. J. (1995). Lack of effect of short-term fasting on cognitive function.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 29, 245253. Green, M. W. , Elliman, N. A. , & Rogers, P. J. (1996). Hunger, caloric preloading, and the selective processing of food and body shape words. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 143151. Green, M. W. , Elliman, N. A. , & Rogers , P. J. (1997). The study effects of food deprivation and incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology, 134, 8894. Hickman, K. L. , Stromme, C. , & Lippman, L. G. (1998). Learned Capitalization, punctuation, and hanging indentation are consistent with APA format. ndustriousness Replication in principle. Journal of ordinary Psychology, 125, 213217. Keys, A. , Brozek, J. , Henschel, A. , Mickelsen, O. , & Taylor, H. L. (1950). The biology of human starvation (Vol. 2). Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press. Kollar, E. J. , Slater, G. R. , Palmer, J. O. , Docter, R. F. , & Mandell, A. J. (1964). Measurement of stress in fasting man. Archives of General Psychology, 11, 113125. Pinel, J. P. (2000). Biopsychology (4th ed. ). Boston Allyn and Bacon. Running on Empty 12 Pollitt, E. , Lewis, N. L. , Garza, C. , & Shulman, R. J. (19821983). Fasting and cognitive function.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 169174. Saugstad, P. (1967). Effect of food deprivation on perception-cognition A comment Comment on the article by David L. Wolitzky. Psychological Bulletin, 68, 345346. Smith, A. P. , & Kendrick, A. M. (1992). Meals and performance. In A. P. Smith & D. M. Jones (Eds. ), Handbook of human performance Vol. 2, Health and performance (pp. 123). San Diego Academic Press. Smith, A. P. , Kendrick, A. M. , & Maben, A. L. (1992). Effects of breakfast and caffeine on performance and mood in the late morning and after lunch. Neuropsychobiology, 26, 198204.

Global Pharmaceutical Industry

INTRODUCTION According to Hunter s. Thomas you can turn your back on person, but neer turn your back on a dose, especi everyy when its waving a razor sharp hunting. The planetary pharmaceutical industry had done tremendous character to mankind, but now pharmaceutical companies argon facing tough clipping in a decade. The case is broken in to different parts which is accent on how internal and external factors poignant the industry firstly, the main environsal forces currently touching the industry through PEST abbreviation.Secondly, the implications of the changes in business environment that is internal factors through porters louvre force theory. Fin totallyy, the accustom and limitations of the tools applied to solve case argon discussed. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION The present pharmaceutical industries argon non-assembled and more than of hawkish but it had emerged in early 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Switzerland where dyestuffs were found to hold up antiseptic properties.Companies ilk Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis ar all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which are still doing tremendous business even to day. S unhopefully these chemical companies started qualification pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemicals and evolved as global players. In early 1940s the industry showed drastic changes such as introduction of penicillin and other do drugss. In 1960s industry growing rapidly with the setting up of R&D non altogether this economies prospered by the spending on health care in same period.In 1970s industry showed major development but a strong restrictive controls also came into existence with this development, and this restrictive controls had removed the rule of permanent patent to some fixed period which resulted in birth of brand generics. ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The scan of external macro environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in term s P- disposalal E-ECONOMICAL S-SOCIAL T-TECHNOLOGY semipolitical FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORPolitical factors includes political sympathies regulations and legal issues defines both formal and informal rules under which firm operates some fount ilk tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs, policy- do stability. Political arena has colossal influence up on the regulations of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Over galore(postnominal) historic period the pharmaceuticals industry has change magnitude political attentions beca recitation of increase in recognitions of the economic important of healthcare as a component of social welfare .It takes 10-15 eld on average to taste drug to travel from lab to patient consumption, as patent protection is fixed that is just 20 years but companies has to spend 15 years on experiments by the m it reaches to the grocery store the patent will be almost comes to expired and which will result in birth o f generic medicines which has precisely same ingredients as of brand drugs but shows gigantic difference in set, because the generic brand does non spend on clinical trials so the access of generic are the major impact on pharmacy industry because of the legal policy set by political forces physical exertion in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever treatment because of expiry of patent in 2006. A nonher major problem affecting the industry in umteen countries are monophony which means only one powerful purchaser who are organisation. Since 1980 governing around the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their effort to control l in increasing health care expenditure like impairment and reimbursement controls and also the industry loosed both public and political support to resist this change.In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lead to fall in tax revenue, the government forever changing cost containment plans h ad become operations of the company unstable in European grocery store which is highly fragmented, moreover the expansion of EU had provided many opportunities but it also raised sweet challenges from generics and starting magazine priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of swell examples like economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The government price control is a major challenge to the industry in the form of gibe trade. Parallel trade is nothing but free movement of the harvest-home across the Europe with out any trade barriers which will affect the local anesthetic manufacture because the distributor will buy drugs in broken price foodstuffs and export them to high price marts example buying the ingathering from manufacture in Poland and exporting them to Ireland.The exchange rates and currency problem is also one of the major issue for example Canada has i nflexible pricing and reimbursement criteria, where USA does not consent price controls as a results the price drug in America is high compare to Canada which leads to damage of brand image in consumers mind for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in USA where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. Not only this, the growth of pharmaceutical commercialise is aligned with GDP growth. As R&D intersectionivity is declined and development times were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming more complex and dear(p) there was sharp rise in R&D expenditure. SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORSocial factors includes the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment these factors do customers needs and the size of potential food markets, some social factors include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. maturement populations are creating pressure on healthcare funding systems a s over 65 consumes four times more than that of be number one 65 which leads to more pricey technology solutions and increase in patient expectations had created an unsustainable situation to the industry. Some countries cannot enjoy universal coverage system and latest treatments because they are not funded by the indemnity companies like USA which can afford latest technology but cannot share the benefits because of increasing populations in different parts of the world.In developed countries consumer are benefited by the insurance policy and can afford ethical drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails. The OTC(over the counter) comprise of 20% of market which may purchase without prescription particularly OTC is more in developing countries and also for these the patented drug companies has intr oduce disease counseling initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. Some consumer does not want to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically done. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can lower barriers to entranceway, reduce minimum efficient pee-peeion levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes R&D activity, technology incentivise and rate of technology change. he technology is an free-enterprise(a) advantage to the companies and success of R&D lays in team working, knowledge precaution and close relation with external flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a gate way of success not only these there are many questions raised that the investment on R&D is could not sustain for example in 2005 there are just about 650 cancers drugs in development. The utilization of technology is very of import because it includes latest instruments which is possible only for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and increase developed by this technology cannot afford in developing countries because of its commodious investment.THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Porters fiver force sit The porters lay is an outside in business unit strategy tool used to know value of industrial structure. The competitive force compendium is do by the identification of five fundamental competitive forces. (12MANAGE2009) POTENTIAL ENTRANCE The threat of impudent entry is low in this sector because companies has to spend considerable amount to call down a growth, so investment for the gravid is very huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to maintain the standard which where set is very difficult for new companies which want to enter into market. more than over it is very risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also limited. POTENTIAL SUPPLIER Bargaining power of supplier is low because there are only few suppliers because the suppliers in this industry are different from other industries as ingredients used to make drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the company may change supplier who supply raw materials relatively low price compare to existing one and industry is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, service of supplier is not contained by the industry. POTENTIAL BUYERSBargaining power of buyer is high because main buyers are generally government and the companies that is monophony and companies cannot go against them and they can only sell the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers whos buying po wer is also high because of substitute available in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market like generics, branded generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap compare to the branded drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will find only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from china and India which are produce very cheaply compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRYCompetitive rivalry is high in this sector because advantage gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are sack global which means world wide launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product life cycle and to gain competitive advantage. In spite of taking care during launching the industry is still faces tough time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for competitive rivalry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS Swot analysis provide information that is helpful in unified firm resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. (QUICKMBA 2007) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATSThe environmental factors internal are military violence and weakness and external are threats and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of industry which has strong brand names such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have good reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from properness know-how This sector company have exclusive access to high grade natural recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but due to limited time for patent had become its weakness. The products from this sector have side do.The products take long time in development such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on RD, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES Human needs are unfulfilled, so this unfulfilled needs are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of goods within EUROPEAN UNION. Due to pressure from vast branded companies as this sector contributes major share to economy due to there pressure loosening of regulations may be happen in future. THREATSGenerics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers taste away from the firms products, customer in this sector does not have particular brand. Availability of huge range of substitutes in markets Entry barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. USES AND LIMITA TIONS OF TOOLS PEST USE Pest analysis looks at the external environment and good tool to image heroic picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will allow companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a company which they are facing. Pest analysis provide further plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is done correctly.With the pest analysis companies can see longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to look outside environment and what are the potential forces which breathing out to affect. Pest is a mnemonic standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the characteristics of a industry and can draw deduction as the significant forces of change operating with in it. more over it is useful to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very useful e oddly in starting new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt quickly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories covering major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONSIt is not a set of rigid compartment to store ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the details in the external environments like markets, share holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTERS FIVE FORCE USE Porters five forces theory is important portion to determine competition it give important information in three aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS It determine industrial attractiveness and gives an over view of profitability, this sample helps in entry and exit questioning a market segment and used to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS It helps to take in potential future attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONSThe knowledge and power of five forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porters five force ideals gives systematic and structured analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is applicable universal such as particular company, market segment and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken while using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model design for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the mutualness and synergy with portfolio of larger corporate.If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to create complete new markets instead of selecting from existing one and also some pack argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and qu ick changes require more flexible, dynamic approach for strategy formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self theorize it is used to identify companys strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analysis usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit seeking organizations.It is used in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability work LIMITATIONS It has ability to over simplify the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The classifications of some factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar CONCLUSION The pharmaceutical industry make tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in spite of huge investment on R&D and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, analogue trade and exchange rate are oreover the birth of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting crowded creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The industry more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable evidence of its value. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). Swot analysis. Available http//www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/. work accessed 30 Oct 2009. Answers corporations. (2009). Swot analysis.Available http//www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. break accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available http//www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Force s. Available http//www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). Evaluation of five force theory. Available http//www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/evaluation-of-the-five-forces-theory-176854. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2007). Study of Porters Five Forces Theory. Available http//www. articlealley. om/article_185592_15. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Netmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available http//www. netmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Quickmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available http//www. quickmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 02 Nov 2009. Verbigena. (2008). History and analysis of pharmaceutical industry. Available www. verbigena. com/case_studies/history_analysis. pdf. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 Papers4u. (2009). what is pest analysis. Available http//www. coursework4you. co. uk/es give voices-and-dissertations/pest-analysis. php. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 G. A. Cole(2005). Strategic Management. second ed. London person. 506 ReadGlobal Pharmaceutical IndustryINTRODUCTION According to Hunter s. Thomas you can turn your back on person, but never turn your back on a drug, especially when its waving a razor sharp hunting. The global pharmaceutical industry had done tremendous contribution to mankind, but now pharmaceutical companies are facing tough time in a decade. The case is broken in to different parts which is emphasize on how internal and external factors affecting the industry firstly, the main environmental forces currently affecting the industry through PEST analysis.Secondly, the implications of the changes in business environment that is internal factors through porters five force theory. Finally, the use and limitations of the tools applied to solve case are discussed. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION The present pharmaceutical industries are non-assembled and more of competitive but it had emerged in early 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Sw itzerland where dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties.Companies like Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis are all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which are still doing tremendous business even to day. Slowly these chemical companies started making pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemicals and evolved as global players. In early 1940s the industry showed drastic changes such as introduction of penicillin and other drugs. In 1960s industry growing rapidly with the setting up of R&D not only this economies prospered by the spending on health care in same period.In 1970s industry showed major development but a strong regulatory controls also came into existence with this development, and this regulatory controls had removed the rule of permanent patent to some fixed period which resulted in birth of branded generics. ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The scan of external macro environment in which the firm operates can be expr essed in terms P- POLITICAL E-ECONOMICAL S-SOCIAL T-TECHNOLOGY POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORPolitical factors includes government regulations and legal issues defines both formal and informal rules under which firm operates some example like tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs, political stability. Political arena has huge influence up on the regulations of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Over many years the pharmaceuticals industry has change magnitude political attentions because of increase in recognitions of the economic important of healthcare as a component of social welfare .It takes 10-15 years on average to experiment drug to travel from lab to patient consumption, as patent protection is fixed that is only 20 years but companies has to spend 15 years on experiments by the time it reaches to the market the patent will be almost comes to expired and which will result in birth of generic medicines which has incisively same in gredients as of branded drugs but shows huge difference in price, because the generic brand does not spend on clinical trials so the entry of generic are the major impact on pharmacy industry because of the legal policy set by political forces example in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever treatment because of expiry of patent in 2006. Another major problem affecting the industry in many countries are monophony which means only one powerful purchaser who are government. Since 1980 government around the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their effort to control l in increasing health care expenditure like price and reimbursement controls and also the industry loosed both public and political support to resist this change.In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lead to fall in tax revenue, the government forever changing cost containment plans had become operations of the company unstable in European market which is high ly fragmented, moreover the expansion of EU had provided many opportunities but it also raised new challenges from generics and low priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital examples like economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The government price control is a major challenge to the industry in the form of couple trade. Parallel trade is nothing but free movement of the product across the Europe with out any trade barriers which will affect the local manufacture because the distributor will buy drugs in low price markets and export them to high price markets example buying the product from manufacture in Poland and exporting them to Ireland.The exchange rates and currency problem is also one of the major issue for example Canada has inflexible pricing and reimbursement criteria, where USA does not have price controls as a results the price drug in America is h igh compare to Canada which leads to damage of brand image in consumers mind for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in USA where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. Not only this, the growth of pharmaceutical market is aligned with GDP growth. As R&D productivity is declined and development times were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming more complex and dear(p) there was sharp rise in R&D expenditure. SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORSocial factors includes the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment these factors effects customers needs and the size of potential markets, some social factors include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. maturation populations are creating pressure on healthcare funding systems as over 65 consumes four times more than that of below 65 which leads to more expensive technology solutions and increase in patient expectations ha d created an unsustainable situation to the industry. Some countries cannot enjoy universal coverage system and latest treatments because they are not funded by the insurance companies like USA which can afford latest technology but cannot share the benefits because of increasing populations in different parts of the world.In developed countries consumer are benefited by the insurance and can afford ethical drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails. The OTC(over the counter) comprise of 20% of market which may purchase without prescription specially OTC is more in developing countries and also for these the patented drug companies has introduce disease management initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. Some consumer does not want to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically done. TECHN OLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes R&D activity, technology incentivise and rate of technology change. he technology is an competitive advantage to the companies and success of R&D lays in team working, knowledge management and close relation with external flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a gate way of success not only these there are many questions raised that the investment on R&D is could not sustain for example in 2005 there are about 650 cancers drugs in development. The utilization of technology is very expensive because it includes latest instruments which is possible only for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and product developed by this technology cannot afford in developing countries because of its hug e investment.THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Porters five force model The porters model is an outside in business unit strategy tool used to know value of industrial structure. The competitive force analysis is made by the identification of five fundamental competitive forces. (12MANAGE2009) POTENTIAL ENTRANCE The threat of new entry is low in this sector because companies has to spend huge amount to produce a product, so investment for the capital is very huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to maintain the standard which where set is very difficult for new companies which want to enter into market.More over it is very risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also limited. POTENTIAL SUPPLIER Bargaining power of supplier is low because there are only few suppliers because the su ppliers in this industry are different from other industries as ingredients used to make drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the company may change supplier who supply raw materials relatively low price compare to existing one and industry is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, service of supplier is not considered by the industry. POTENTIAL BUYERSBargaining power of buyer is high because main buyers are generally government and the companies that is monophony and companies cannot go against them and they can only sell the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers whos buying power is also high because of substitute available in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market like generic s, branded generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap compare to the branded drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will consider only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from china and India which are produce very cheaply compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRYCompetitive rivalry is high in this sector because advantage gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are going global which means world wide launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product life cycle and to gain competitive advantage. In spite of taking care during launching the industry is still faces tough time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for competitive rivalry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS Swot analysis provide information that is helpful in matching firm resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. (QUICKMBA 2007 ) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATSThe environmental factors internal are strength and weakness and external are threats and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of industry which has strong brand names such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have good reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from properness know-how This sector company have exclusive access to high grade natural recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but due to limited time for patent had become its weakness. The products from this sector have side effects.The products take long time in development such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on RD, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES Human needs are unfulfilled, so this unfulfilled needs are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of goods within EUROPEAN UNION. Due to pressure from big branded companies as this sector contributes major share to economy due to there pressure loosening of regulations may be happen in future. THREATSGenerics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers taste away from the firms products, customer in this sector does not have particular brand. Availability of huge range of substitutes in markets Entry barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. USES AND LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS PEST USE Pest analysis looks at the external environment and good tool to understand big picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will allow companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a co mpany which they are facing. Pest analysis provide further plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is done correctly.With the pest analysis companies can see longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to look outside environment and what are the potential forces which going to affect. Pest is a mnemonic standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the characteristics of a industry and can draw culture as the significant forces of change operating with in it. More over it is useful to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very useful especially in starting new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt quickly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories covering major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONSIt is not a set of rigid compartment to store ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the details in the external environments like markets, share holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTERS FIVE FORCE USE Porters five forces theory is valuable contribution to study competition it give important information in three aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS It determine industrial attractiveness and gives an over view of profitability, this model helps in entry and exit questioning a market segment and used to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS It helps to understand potential future attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONSThe knowledge and power of five forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porters five force models gives systematic and structured analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is applicable universal such as particular company, market segment and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken while using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model design for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the interdependency and synergy with portfolio of larger corporate.If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to create complete new markets instead of selecting from existing one and also some mountain argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and quick changes require more flexible, dynamic approach for strategy formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self say it is used to identify companys strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analys is usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit seeking organizations.It is used in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability study LIMITATIONS It has ability to over simplify the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The classifications of some factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar CONCLUSION The pharmaceutical industry made tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in spite of huge investment on R&D and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, parallel trade and exchange rate are oreover the birth of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting crowded creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The industry more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable evidence of its value. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). Swot analysis. Available http//www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Answers corporations. (2009). Swot analysis.Available http//www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available http//www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available http//www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). Evaluation of five force theory. Available http//www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/evaluation-of-the-five-forces-theory -176854. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2007). Study of Porters Five Forces Theory. Available http//www. articlealley. om/article_185592_15. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Netmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available http//www. netmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Quickmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available http//www. quickmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 02 Nov 2009. Verbigena. (2008). History and analysis of pharmaceutical industry. Available www. verbigena. com/case_studies/history_analysis. pdf. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 Papers4u. (2009). what is pest analysis. Available http//www. coursework4you. co. uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis. php. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 G. A. Cole(2005). Strategic Management. second ed. London person. 506 Read